Levallois Technique - Paleolithic Stone Tool Working

Levallois, or more precisely the Levallois prepared-core technique, is the name archaeologists have given to a distinctive style of flint knapping, which makes up part of the Middle Paleolithic Acheulean and Mousterian artifact assemblages. In his 1969 Paleolithic stone tool taxonomy (still widely used today), Grahame Clark defined Levallois as Mode 3, flake tools struck from prepared cores. Levallois technology is thought to have been an outgrowth of the Acheulean handaxe. The technique was reckoned a leap forward in stone technology and behavioral modernity: the production method is in stages  and requires forethought and planning. The stone tool-making Levallois technique involves preparing a raw block of stone by striking pieces off the edges until it is shaped something like a turtle shell: flat on the bottom and humped on the top. That shape permits the knapper to control the results of using applied force: by striking the top edges of the prepared core, the knapper can pop off a series of similarly sized flattish, sharp stone flakes which can then be used as tools. The presence of the Levallois technique is commonly used to define the beginning of the Middle Paleolithic. Dating the Levallois The Levallois technique was traditionally thought to have been invented by archaic humans in Africa beginning about 300,000 years ago, and then moved into Europe and perfected during the Mousterian of 100,000 years ago. However, there are numerous sites in Europe and Asia which contain Levallois or proto-Levallois artifacts dated between Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 8 and 9 (~330,000-300,000 years bp), and a handful as early as MIS 11 or 12 (~400,000-430,000 bp): although most are controversial or not well-dated. The site of Nor Geghi in Armenia was the first firmly dated site found to contain a Levallois assemblage in MIS9e: Adler and colleagues argue that the presence of Levallois in Armenia and other places in conjunction with Acheulean biface technology suggest that the transition to Levallois technology occurred independently several times before becoming widespread. Levallois, they argue, was part of a logical progression from a lithic biface technology, rather than a replacement by movement of archaic humans out of Africa. Scholars today believe that the long, long range of time in which the technique is recognized in lithic assemblages masks a high degree of variability, including differences in surface preparation, orientation of flake removal, and adjustments for raw source material. A range of tools made on Levallois flakes are also recognized, including the Levallois point. Some Recent Levallois Studies Archaeologists believe the purpose was to produce a single preferential Levallois flake, a nearly circular flake mimicking the original contours of the core. Eren, Bradley, and Sampson (2011) conducted some experimental archaeology, attempting to achieve that implied goal. They discovered that to create a perfect Levallois flake requires a level of skill that can only be identified under very specific circumstances: single knapper, all pieces of the production process present and refitted. Sisk and Shea (2009) suggest that Levallois points — stone projectile points formed on Levallois flakes — might have been used as arrowheads. After fifty years or so, Clarks stone tool taxonomy has lost some of its usefulness: so much has been learned that the five-mode stage of technology is far too simple. Shea (2013) proposes a new taxonomy for stone tools with nine modes, based on variations and innovations not known when Clark published his seminal paper. In his intriguing paper, Shea defines Levallois as Mode F, bifacial hierarchical cores, which more specifically embraces the technological variations. Sources Adler DS, Wilkinson KN, Blockley SM, Mark DF, Pinhasi R, Schmidt-Magee BA, Nahapetyan S, Mallol c, Berna F, Glauberman PJ et al. 2014. Early Levallois technology and the Lower to Middle Paleolithic transition in the southern Caucasus. Science 345(6204):1609-1613. doi: 10.1126/science.1256484 Binford LR, and Binford SR. 1966. A preliminary analysis of functional variability in the Mousterian of Levallois facies. American Anthropologist 68:238-295. Clark, G. 1969. World Prehistory: A New Synthesis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Brantingham PJ, and Kuhn SL. 2001. Constraints on Levallois Core Technology: A Mathematical Model. Journal of Archaeological Science 28(7):747-761. doi: 10.1006/jasc.2000.0594 Eren MI, Bradley BA, and Sampson CG. 2011. Middle Paleolithic Skill Level and the Individual Knapper: An Experiment. American Antiquity 71(2):229-251. Shea JJ. 2013. Lithic Modes A–I: A New Framework for Describing Global-Scale Variation in Stone Tool Technology Illustrated with Evidence from the East Mediterranean Levant. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 20(1):151-186. doi: 10.1007/s10816-012-9128-5 Sisk ML, and Shea JJ. 2009. Experimental use and quantitative performance analysis of triangular flakes (Levallois points) used as arrowheads. Journal of Archaeological Science 36(9):2039-2047. doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2009.05.023 Villa P. 2009. Discussion 3: The Lower to Middle Paleolithic Transition. In: Camps M, and Chauhan P, editors. Sourcebook of Paleolithic Transitions. New York: Springer. p 265-270. doi: 10.1007/978-0-387-76487-0_17 Wynn T, and Coolidge FL. 2004. The expert Neandertal mind. Journal of Human Evolution 46:467-487.

Differentiating Between Market Structure Table and Paper

Differentiating Between Market Structure Table and Paper Genise Suda, Shawanna Baker, Terry Miller Eco/212 November, 5 2012 Torshana Towles Introduction Throughout this paper we are going to discuss and explain many different economic subject matters. First we will compare and contrast public goods, private goods, common resources, and natural monopolies. This will be†¦show more content†¦So any shift in the supply or demand line can affect where the equilibrium is in the labor market. We can look at things that first could cause the supply line to increase which would make the line on the graph sway to the right. Some of the causes for this to increase is that wages go up, causing more people to want to enter the workforce, the population increases, or more homemakers want to enter the workforce. Things that could make the supply line decrease, making the line sway to the left are: emigration, wages go down, more people wanting to become homemakers, or a rise in people collecting welfare. When the demand costs of materials go up and productivity goes down, costs of labor goes down. We will now look into an organization and put all the things that have been discussed into perspective. The organization that has been chosen is Fantastic Sam’s. This organization is a hair salon and would be consider perfect competition. The reason for this is because there are many hair salons that they can compete with for business. If they can keep prices lower than their competitors, then this will help them make more customers, and ultimately a higher profitability. Since the company pays employees on commission, the stylists that work for them will want to serve more customers during their shifts. More customers for the stylists means more money for the salon. They are a large company so they will have power to make contracts with hairShow MoreRelatedElastic Paper1744 Words   |  7 PagesDifferentiating Between Market Structures Angela Graham ECO/365 January 6, 2015 Biagio Vultaggio Differentiating Between Market Structures The hospitality industry has always been above and beyond for excellence. In today’s hospitality industry, the competitive structure is not so much aggressive but more unique with tactics. Every company tries to one up the next person by using creative approaches to intrigue each consumer when they are on vacation. 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Before motion pictures and popular television series, advertisements were disseminated throughout the country via newspapers and magazines. She may be fiction, but no matter—she

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Manifest Destiny, Slavery, and the Breakdown of the Union

Manifest Destiny is a phrase that expressed the belief that the United States had a divinely inspired mission to expand, spreading its form of democracy and freedom.The phrase Manifest Destiny was first used primarily by Jackson Democrats in the 1840s to promote the annexation of much of what is now the Western United States (the Oregon Territory, the Texas Annexation, and the Mexican Cession). Slavery, the exploitation of Africans for hard labor, was also growing vastly in popularity during this period of territorial expansion. These controversial ideologies, including such events as Mexican War, the Wilmont Provisio, the development of the Republican Party, the Dred Scott Decision, the Brooks-Sumner Incident, the Anthony Burns†¦show more content†¦While conservatives and many moderates were content merely to call for the restoration of the Missouri Compromise or a prohibition of slavery extension, the radicals insisted that no further political compromise with slavery was possible. In the following years, this anti-slavery party would gain many followers. By 1856 the Republicans had elected a Republican Speaker of the House of Representatives and placed a candidate in the election for president. In the Election of 1860, Abraham Lincoln would become inaugurated as a member of the Republican party, defeating John Breckinridge, Stephen Douglas, and John Bell of the Southern Democratic Party, Northern Democratic Party, and Constitutional Union respectively. Dred Scott was an American slave who was taken first to Illinois, a free state, and then to Minnesota, a free territory, for an extended period of time, and then back to the slave state of Missouri. After his original master died, he sued for his freedom. He initially won his freedom from a Missouri lower court, but the decision was reversed by the Missouri Supreme Court and remanded to the trial court. Simultaneously, Scott had filed suit in federal court, where, after prevailing on the issue of his status as a citizen of Missouri, he lost a trial by jury. Scott appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court, which used the case to fundamentally change the legal balance of power in favor of slaveholders. The Court ruled that: 1. No Negroes, notShow MoreRelatedThe Issue Surrounding Slavery Is An Integrated Topic Of Interest867 Words   |  4 PagesThe issue surrounding slavery was an integrated topic of interest during the time of the Manifest Destiny. In the year 1819, the argument over slavery centered itself on the state of Missouri. Fearing that it would tip the balance between the antislavery and the proslavery States during the time, powerful Whig Henry Clay suggested the development of the â€Å"Missouri compromise†. 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Ageism Is it acceptable in today’s society Free Essays

Research would Indicate that we stereotype older people because we fear old age. We fear the loss of physical and mental ability, of attractiveness, learning power, status, and independence. We seek to distance ourselves from what we worry might be our own future when we are older and so we create what we fear. We will write a custom essay sample on Ageism: Is it acceptable in today’s society? or any similar topic only for you Order Now This is especially true for women. Our ageist society can greatly effect and impact negatively on a woman’s self- perception as stereotypes about age is ingrained In us during youth and further enforced by society and media. This Is done through magazine ads, billboards, television. Commercials, and movies, newspapers and videos. Women are the predominant victims of age discrimination and are burdened with the negative effects. It is very common that as women age they should try to retain a youthful appearance. The biggest negative impact that women deal with is a negative body image. â€Å"Body image is important to a woman’s self-concept and provides a basis for her own Identity, for her ability to perform different activities, and for the goals she as set her for herself’ (Unit 2, pig. 37). According to Tunable, et al. (pig. 743) women In our society continue to be valued for their sexual attractiveness and their physical appearance which they define as being crucial for attracting and maintaining a relationship with a male partner. A second example of how an ageist society can negatively impact a women’s self-perception is from the article â€Å"Ageing as a Feminist Issue† by Cherry Russell stating that â€Å"old women face a host of problems which include greater poverty, higher rates of aloneness, Institutionalizing, loneliness, equidistant In work and remarriage, Ill health and metallization† (Unit 1, pig. ). Even comparing different statistics on Stats Canada will show you that men generally do well and better in ageing. The lack of research that has been done on ageing women compared to ageing men is incomparable. Therefore to know how accurate these statistics really are is unknown considering that the fastest growing population is women and this is predicted to continue over the next many years. Unfortunately our society today supports the ageist stereotype and does not try to reflect upon any hangers to the myths that are out In society today. For example, the media continues to flash very young, beautiful women on TV and commercials promoting annotating creams, booth and fillers and they will use anyone over 60 when promoting medications or trying to sell retirement homes or medical devices depicting them as though they all need assistance. The truth is that society’s view of â€Å"old age† has not kept up with the reality of older Canadians health or the fact that while many people over the age of 65 experience some physical and mental limitations, they learn to live tit them and lead happy and productive lives (Unit 2, pig. 7). Society has the tendency to lump all seniors into one demographic group whereas in fact, the elderly are a very diverse group. As people age they tend to get more different from one another due to the different lifetime milestones (Unit 2, pig. 28). Another example of a myth in today’s society that I can relate to myself in my field of work is the myth that intelligence decli nes with age. Where I work doctors will perform MUSE and MOCHA intelligence with older people did have lower scores when compared to younger people, the elderly were not exposed to such tests before. Once the elderly had some training in these types of tests their scores improved and some even better than their counterparts. Lastly, my favorite example is Centenarians. There are approximately three thousand people in Canada who are 100 years old or older. The myth here that this challenges is that all older people are sick and frail. This group of people show remarkable good health and many are actually healthier then their younger generation in the ass’s or ass’s. Therefore in conclusion, living in a society in this day and age where ageism still exists does not make sense. There is so much information out there and help available for other stereotypes and â€Å"ism’s† such as sexism and racism that in today’s world with the information that we have, ageism should never exist and it should more widely discussed. Society should be more accepting of the ‘ageing self and embrace it rather than trying to reverse it. Plenty of money and time and effort are wasted on trying to change such a natural process hat it ruins people’s perceptions and acceptance of other’s. How to cite Ageism: Is it acceptable in today’s society?, Papers

Nevermind free essay sample

If someone came up to you and said, Nirvana is bizarre, they would not be kidding. These three guys from Seattle are very strange, yet they are one of the hottest new groups around today. They came on the scene in 1989 with the release of their first album, Bleach. The album was popular mostly with the college crowds, but mainstream listeners didnt hear much of it. Not so with their second release, Nevermind. Released toward the end of 1991, the album has become an immense hit with the single Smells Like Teen Spirit going to the top of the charts. Nevermind is an explosive album. The songs on the first side deal with everything from environmental issues (In Bloom) to starting a family (Breed), finding yourself (Lithium) and a rather strange ballad about a girl named Polly. Side two explodes with the punk rock rantings of Territorial Pissings. This goes directly into the fast-paced Drain You. We will write a custom essay sample on Nevermind or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The rest of the songs, Lounge Act, Stay Away, On a Plain, and Something in the Way are OK, but for the most part are filler songs. Of course, Nirvana is full of surprises. At the end of some copies of the CD, there is a mysterious bonus-track following ten minutes of silence called Endless Nameless. So discover Nirvana for yourself if you dare! n

The Navigation Act of 1600 free essay sample

This paper looks at the effect the Navigation Act of 1600 had on American history. This paper examines how the Navigation Act of 1600 laid the groundwork for what was to eventually become the American Revolution. The author gives the reader a brief history of the political climate in England that lead to the passage of the Navigation Act and its accompanying taxes and details how they came to affect the lives of the colonists, especially those living in New England. According to the author, the people living in New England made their livelihood from the majority of the items that were now heavily taxed by this new law, which lead to them feeling increasingly isolated from England. This Act or set of taxes, was the first of many subsequent laws which placed an increasing burden upon the colonists and led to the American Revolution. By the 18th century, the relationship between the American colonists and Britain and the British Parliament had as its basis a complex pattern of economic ties and conditions. We will write a custom essay sample on The Navigation Act of 1600 or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The fact that the American Revolution was initiated over taxes and economic independence more than any other single issue was no historical accident, for while Britain and the American colonies were tied together in a number of cultural, social and political ways, the relationship (as is the rule between a mother country and her colonies) remained at base an economic one.